What are the two elements of natural justice?

• A. Right to be heard and right to fair treatment
• B. Right to counsel and right to a public hearing
• C. Right to cross-examine and right to reasons
• D. Right to speedy trial and presumption of innocence

Answer: (A)

Procedural fairness is what's being tested here. Natural justice has two essential safeguards: the right to be heard (audi alteram partem) and the right to a fair decision-making process. The first ensures you have a meaningful opportunity to present your side, respond to evidence, and challenge the other party’s claims. The second ensures the process is fair and the decision-maker is impartial—there’s no bias, and the process is conducted in a way that is not prejudicial to you.

The other options mix in rights that aren’t universal requirements of natural justice in tribunals like the LTB. For example, while counsel or a public hearing can be important in some contexts, they are not always required. Cross-examination, reasons, speedy trials, and presumption of innocence aren’t the two core elements of natural justice themselves. So the best match is the combination of the right to be heard and the right to fair treatment.